When selecting a college, high school students and their families often try to identify universities which offer the best value for a high quality education. To help find this information, this analysis will use a dataset on data.gov which is maintained by the U.S. Department of Education and provides data about colleges at: https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/data/.
While the dataset contains more than 2,000 fields of data, this report is going to focus on the annual cost, the average SAT scores of the students, and the average family income of the students who attended each school in the 2015-16 academic year. The dataset includes information about all kinds of schools. This report will only include the data pertaining to general, four year colleges.
I eliminated non-accredited, specialized schools, and schools that offer a highest degree of Associate’s level and selecting 4 year bachelor degree issuing schools, I was left with 1,165 observations.
Here are the fields I selected from the dataset:
## 'data.frame': 1550 obs. of 12 variables:
## $ Name : Factor w/ 7431 levels "A & W Healthcare Educators",..: 92 6666 240 6667 96 6393 389 407 406 665 ...
## $ Avg SAT : Factor w/ 464 levels "1001","1002",..: 344 138 464 195 340 163 464 454 192 153 ...
## $ SATVR75 : Factor w/ 101 levels "378","380","390",..: 18 78 101 82 12 67 101 34 78 63 ...
## $ SATMT75 : Factor w/ 102 levels "380","398","400",..: 18 81 102 85 13 65 102 37 76 65 ...
## $ SATWR75 : Factor w/ 80 levels "360","385","391",..: 15 80 80 80 80 55 80 80 60 80 ...
## $ Admission Rate : Factor w/ 1718 levels "0","0.0444","0.0504",..: 753 612 1718 1276 284 440 1718 1196 1164 428 ...
## $ Cost Annual : Factor w/ 3641 levels "10002","10018",..: 1330 1484 347 1351 1087 2067 3641 1134 2283 3079 ...
## $ Family Income : Factor w/ 5284 levels "100087.17276",..: 2477 4029 968 4288 2520 5158 3313 3292 5143 5137 ...
## $ InStateTuition : Factor w/ 2973 levels "10000","10002",..: 2895 2730 2607 2872 2830 21 2973 2892 45 1610 ...
## $ OutStateTuition: Factor w/ 3020 levels "10000","10008",..: 836 898 2611 1137 679 1448 3020 1096 1562 1790 ...
## $ Latitude : Factor w/ 7138 levels "-14.322587","13.432726",..: 2167 1468 1062 2130 1063 1376 2172 1065 1144 1474 ...
## $ Longitude : Factor w/ 7142 levels "-100.037275",..: 5095 5147 5033 5104 5066 5255 5180 5035 4909 5160 ...
One major limitation of the data is that it only includes information about students who applied for financial aid through the federal government through FAFSA. Students are not required to apply for financial aid. According to CNN Money (http://time.com/money/4520236/college-financial-aid-why-students-dont-apply/), about 80% of college students apply for financial aid.
The average SAT scores appeared to be on the lower side. This is probably because colleges allow students to take the SAT multiple times and will use only the highest SAT scores in each section and then total them. To account for this, I replaced the given average SAT score with a new field: a calculated sum of the 75th percentile SAT scores in the math, reading, and writing sections, to get a more realistic average SAT score.
The data includes information entered by families applying for Federal student loans and grants, but does not include private loans, scholarships or grants. Therefore, data such as the average family income and average tuition paid are likely higher than what the numbers state. Students may not apply because their family income is too high so they would not be eligible, they may have chosen not to apply, or they may be international students and/or otherwise not eligible.
As noted in the Data Documentation (https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/data/documentation/): “many elements are available only for Title IV recipients, or students who receive federal grants and loans.”
Data cleaning involved converting strings to numerics, removing NA’s, and creating the new calculated field for SAT Average.
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
The numeric fields after clean up:
## 'data.frame': 642 obs. of 3 variables:
## $ SAT Avg : num 1407 1810 1900 1540 1620 ...
## $ Cost Annual : num 20809 27205 29164 30539 17848 ...
## $ Family Income: num 30490 89976 88988 35838 39316 ...
Here is a summary:
## SAT Avg Cost Annual Family Income
## Min. :1178 Min. :10754 Min. : 19831
## 1st Qu.:1600 1st Qu.:22498 1st Qu.: 53276
## Median :1710 Median :34533 Median : 66122
## Mean :1749 Mean :35778 Mean : 69460
## 3rd Qu.:1870 3rd Qu.:46203 3rd Qu.: 83356
## Max. :2400 Max. :67572 Max. :149589
After eliminating NAs and zero values for SAT and Annual Cost, we are left with 642 observations.
Average SAT score: 1749, Average Annual Cost (tuition + housing + food): $35,778, Average Family Income: $69,460
I wanted to further break down the data so I separated the colleges into three groups:
1 - Schools that rank in the 90th percentile or higher based on SAT scores 2 - Schools in the 75th-90th percentile based on SAT scores *3 - Schools in the 50th-75th percentile based on SAT scores
After cleaning up the data, I wanted to group colleges in a meaningful way. The right fit for a student at a college might be related to many considerations, such as demographics, school size, location in a big city vs. a smaller suburb. Without data about GPA or campus culture, I decided that it might be most useful to group colleges by their SAT scores. Students with similar SAT scores would likely fit in better with other students who had similar scores. For example, if a school’s average SAT scores are much higher than a student’s SAT scores, then the student might find herself lost and stressed at the intensity of the pace of learning.
I considered other ways to evaluate schools for the best student to school match, for example demographics data such as gender, race and family income, but these are highly subjective and cannot indicate a good fit. SAT scores seemed like a good way to group the colleges.
As noted earlier, colleges allow students to take the SAT multiple times and will use only the highest SAT scores in each section to get a student’s total SAT score. Therefore, I used the sum of the 75th percentile SAT scores totaled by Math, Reading and Writing categories instead of the SAT Average to get a truer SAT average.
Colleges also consider a student’s Grade Point Average in High School, extra-curricular activities and essay submission when evaluating students. Without this data, this analysis is limited in how accurate it can be in selecting schools that would be a good match. It will, however, help to identify high quality schools that offer lower annual costs.
Note that the SAT scoring has changed as of 2017. The data in this analysis is based on the former scoring system. Conversion of 2017 and beyond scores to the previous scoring system can be found at: https://blog.ivywise.com/blog-0/sat-score-conversion-chart
## SAT Avg Cost Annual Family Income
## Min. :1178 Min. :10754 Min. : 19831
## 1st Qu.:1600 1st Qu.:22498 1st Qu.: 53276
## Median :1710 Median :34533 Median : 66122
## Mean :1749 Mean :35778 Mean : 69460
## 3rd Qu.:1870 3rd Qu.:46203 3rd Qu.: 83356
## Max. :2400 Max. :67572 Max. :149589
The 75th percentile of the highest sum of SAT scores is 1870 and the 90th percentile is 2160. The mean is 1749.
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 110404 | California Institute of Technology | 2400 | 60990 | 80002.54 |
| 130794 | Yale University | 2390 | 63970 | 86224.56 |
| 166027 | Harvard University | 2390 | 62250 | 58620.07 |
| 144050 | University of Chicago | 2380 | 67572 | 103014.73 |
| 186131 | Princeton University | 2380 | 59665 | 63688.48 |
| 166683 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 2360 | 61030 | 86251.19 |
| 190150 | Columbia University in the City of New York | 2360 | 66604 | 60857.11 |
| 221999 | Vanderbilt University | 2360 | 62320 | 90164.42 |
| 243744 | Stanford University | 2360 | 62363 | 84186.75 |
| 182670 | Dartmouth College | 2340 | 65133 | 88994.52 |
| 217156 | Brown University | 2340 | 62694 | 106820.28 |
| 147767 | Northwestern University | 2330 | 65436 | 102986.91 |
| 168342 | Williams College | 2330 | 64020 | 95346.89 |
| 198419 | Duke University | 2330 | 63999 | 74260.30 |
| 215062 | University of Pennsylvania | 2330 | 64200 | 84604.48 |
| 227757 | Rice University | 2330 | 56316 | 73796.28 |
| 164465 | Amherst College | 2323 | 64006 | 76877.73 |
| 115409 | Harvey Mudd College | 2320 | 66627 | 115901.13 |
| 179867 | Washington University in St Louis | 2320 | 65887 | 122616.27 |
| 121345 | Pomona College | 2300 | 62632 | 67360.66 |
| 162928 | Johns Hopkins University | 2300 | 63509 | 89128.02 |
| 211440 | Carnegie Mellon University | 2300 | 63804 | 110918.11 |
| 212911 | Haverford College | 2300 | 64226 | 101553.85 |
| 112260 | Claremont McKenna College | 2290 | 64215 | 105450.29 |
| 216287 | Swarthmore College | 2290 | 62450 | 84985.32 |
| 110635 | University of California-Berkeley | 2270 | 33993 | 54357.97 |
| 168148 | Tufts University | 2270 | 63358 | 105468.66 |
| 173258 | Carleton College | 2270 | 62465 | 93496.93 |
| 230959 | Middlebury College | 2260 | 61160 | 87785.76 |
| 123961 | University of Southern California | 2250 | 64536 | 80341.72 |
| 167358 | Northeastern University | 2240 | 60179 | 104100.65 |
| 168218 | Wellesley College | 2240 | 61088 | 83918.20 |
| 197133 | Vassar College | 2240 | 63390 | 86361.85 |
| 139755 | Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus | 2230 | 24629 | 89378.84 |
| 170976 | University of Michigan-Ann Arbor | 2230 | 26850 | 97203.66 |
| 139658 | Emory University | 2220 | 61344 | 69044.54 |
| 201645 | Case Western Reserve University | 2210 | 59467 | 92196.90 |
| 209922 | Reed College | 2210 | 61795 | 94533.43 |
| 110662 | University of California-Los Angeles | 2200 | 32594 | 53804.34 |
| 164924 | Boston College | 2200 | 62968 | 129669.95 |
| 193900 | New York University | 2200 | 65405 | 86408.92 |
| 234207 | Washington and Lee University | 2200 | 61310 | 138540.22 |
| 161086 | Colby College | 2190 | 61100 | 130447.59 |
| 173902 | Macalester College | 2190 | 59743 | 100087.17 |
| 189097 | Barnard College | 2190 | 63105 | 91044.76 |
| 211273 | Bryn Mawr College | 2190 | 61890 | 93933.40 |
| 165015 | Brandeis University | 2180 | 63222 | 94248.25 |
| 204501 | Oberlin College | 2180 | 64396 | 132824.88 |
| 231624 | College of William and Mary | 2180 | 31175 | 112631.67 |
| 234076 | University of Virginia-Main Campus | 2180 | 27010 | 96898.89 |
| 123165 | Scripps College | 2178 | 63740 | 103902.02 |
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 139755 | Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus | 2230 | 24629 | 89378.84 |
| 170976 | University of Michigan-Ann Arbor | 2230 | 26850 | 97203.66 |
| 234076 | University of Virginia-Main Campus | 2180 | 27010 | 96898.89 |
| 231624 | College of William and Mary | 2180 | 31175 | 112631.67 |
| 110662 | University of California-Los Angeles | 2200 | 32594 | 53804.34 |
| 110635 | University of California-Berkeley | 2270 | 33993 | 54357.97 |
| 227757 | Rice University | 2330 | 56316 | 73796.28 |
| 201645 | Case Western Reserve University | 2210 | 59467 | 92196.90 |
| 186131 | Princeton University | 2380 | 59665 | 63688.48 |
| 173902 | Macalester College | 2190 | 59743 | 100087.17 |
| 167358 | Northeastern University | 2240 | 60179 | 104100.65 |
| 110404 | California Institute of Technology | 2400 | 60990 | 80002.54 |
| 166683 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 2360 | 61030 | 86251.19 |
| 168218 | Wellesley College | 2240 | 61088 | 83918.20 |
| 161086 | Colby College | 2190 | 61100 | 130447.59 |
| 230959 | Middlebury College | 2260 | 61160 | 87785.76 |
| 234207 | Washington and Lee University | 2200 | 61310 | 138540.22 |
| 139658 | Emory University | 2220 | 61344 | 69044.54 |
| 209922 | Reed College | 2210 | 61795 | 94533.43 |
| 211273 | Bryn Mawr College | 2190 | 61890 | 93933.40 |
| 166027 | Harvard University | 2390 | 62250 | 58620.07 |
| 221999 | Vanderbilt University | 2360 | 62320 | 90164.42 |
| 243744 | Stanford University | 2360 | 62363 | 84186.75 |
| 216287 | Swarthmore College | 2290 | 62450 | 84985.32 |
| 173258 | Carleton College | 2270 | 62465 | 93496.93 |
| 121345 | Pomona College | 2300 | 62632 | 67360.66 |
| 217156 | Brown University | 2340 | 62694 | 106820.28 |
| 164924 | Boston College | 2200 | 62968 | 129669.95 |
| 189097 | Barnard College | 2190 | 63105 | 91044.76 |
| 165015 | Brandeis University | 2180 | 63222 | 94248.25 |
| 168148 | Tufts University | 2270 | 63358 | 105468.66 |
| 197133 | Vassar College | 2240 | 63390 | 86361.85 |
| 162928 | Johns Hopkins University | 2300 | 63509 | 89128.02 |
| 123165 | Scripps College | 2178 | 63740 | 103902.02 |
| 211440 | Carnegie Mellon University | 2300 | 63804 | 110918.11 |
| 130794 | Yale University | 2390 | 63970 | 86224.56 |
| 198419 | Duke University | 2330 | 63999 | 74260.30 |
| 164465 | Amherst College | 2323 | 64006 | 76877.73 |
| 168342 | Williams College | 2330 | 64020 | 95346.89 |
| 215062 | University of Pennsylvania | 2330 | 64200 | 84604.48 |
| 112260 | Claremont McKenna College | 2290 | 64215 | 105450.29 |
| 212911 | Haverford College | 2300 | 64226 | 101553.85 |
| 204501 | Oberlin College | 2180 | 64396 | 132824.88 |
| 123961 | University of Southern California | 2250 | 64536 | 80341.72 |
| 182670 | Dartmouth College | 2340 | 65133 | 88994.52 |
| 193900 | New York University | 2200 | 65405 | 86408.92 |
| 147767 | Northwestern University | 2330 | 65436 | 102986.91 |
| 179867 | Washington University in St Louis | 2320 | 65887 | 122616.27 |
| 190150 | Columbia University in the City of New York | 2360 | 66604 | 60857.11 |
| 115409 | Harvey Mudd College | 2320 | 66627 | 115901.13 |
| 144050 | University of Chicago | 2380 | 67572 | 103014.73 |
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 110662 | University of California-Los Angeles | 2200 | 32594 | 53804.34 |
| 110635 | University of California-Berkeley | 2270 | 33993 | 54357.97 |
| 166027 | Harvard University | 2390 | 62250 | 58620.07 |
| 190150 | Columbia University in the City of New York | 2360 | 66604 | 60857.11 |
| 186131 | Princeton University | 2380 | 59665 | 63688.48 |
| 121345 | Pomona College | 2300 | 62632 | 67360.66 |
| 139658 | Emory University | 2220 | 61344 | 69044.54 |
| 227757 | Rice University | 2330 | 56316 | 73796.28 |
| 198419 | Duke University | 2330 | 63999 | 74260.30 |
| 164465 | Amherst College | 2323 | 64006 | 76877.73 |
| 110404 | California Institute of Technology | 2400 | 60990 | 80002.54 |
| 123961 | University of Southern California | 2250 | 64536 | 80341.72 |
| 168218 | Wellesley College | 2240 | 61088 | 83918.20 |
| 243744 | Stanford University | 2360 | 62363 | 84186.75 |
| 215062 | University of Pennsylvania | 2330 | 64200 | 84604.48 |
| 216287 | Swarthmore College | 2290 | 62450 | 84985.32 |
| 130794 | Yale University | 2390 | 63970 | 86224.56 |
| 166683 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 2360 | 61030 | 86251.19 |
| 197133 | Vassar College | 2240 | 63390 | 86361.85 |
| 193900 | New York University | 2200 | 65405 | 86408.92 |
| 230959 | Middlebury College | 2260 | 61160 | 87785.76 |
| 182670 | Dartmouth College | 2340 | 65133 | 88994.52 |
| 162928 | Johns Hopkins University | 2300 | 63509 | 89128.02 |
| 139755 | Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus | 2230 | 24629 | 89378.84 |
| 221999 | Vanderbilt University | 2360 | 62320 | 90164.42 |
| 189097 | Barnard College | 2190 | 63105 | 91044.76 |
| 201645 | Case Western Reserve University | 2210 | 59467 | 92196.90 |
| 173258 | Carleton College | 2270 | 62465 | 93496.93 |
| 211273 | Bryn Mawr College | 2190 | 61890 | 93933.40 |
| 165015 | Brandeis University | 2180 | 63222 | 94248.25 |
| 209922 | Reed College | 2210 | 61795 | 94533.43 |
| 168342 | Williams College | 2330 | 64020 | 95346.89 |
| 234076 | University of Virginia-Main Campus | 2180 | 27010 | 96898.89 |
| 170976 | University of Michigan-Ann Arbor | 2230 | 26850 | 97203.66 |
| 173902 | Macalester College | 2190 | 59743 | 100087.17 |
| 212911 | Haverford College | 2300 | 64226 | 101553.85 |
| 147767 | Northwestern University | 2330 | 65436 | 102986.91 |
| 144050 | University of Chicago | 2380 | 67572 | 103014.73 |
| 123165 | Scripps College | 2178 | 63740 | 103902.02 |
| 167358 | Northeastern University | 2240 | 60179 | 104100.65 |
| 112260 | Claremont McKenna College | 2290 | 64215 | 105450.29 |
| 168148 | Tufts University | 2270 | 63358 | 105468.66 |
| 217156 | Brown University | 2340 | 62694 | 106820.28 |
| 211440 | Carnegie Mellon University | 2300 | 63804 | 110918.11 |
| 231624 | College of William and Mary | 2180 | 31175 | 112631.67 |
| 115409 | Harvey Mudd College | 2320 | 66627 | 115901.13 |
| 179867 | Washington University in St Louis | 2320 | 65887 | 122616.27 |
| 164924 | Boston College | 2200 | 62968 | 129669.95 |
| 161086 | Colby College | 2190 | 61100 | 130447.59 |
| 204501 | Oberlin College | 2180 | 64396 | 132824.88 |
| 234207 | Washington and Lee University | 2200 | 61310 | 138540.22 |
## SAT Avg Cost Annual Family Income
## Min. :2178 Min. :24629 Min. : 53804
## 1st Qu.:2205 1st Qu.:61059 1st Qu.: 84052
## Median :2270 Median :62632 Median : 91045
## Mean :2276 Mean :58977 Mean : 92495
## 3rd Qu.:2330 3rd Qu.:64013 3rd Qu.:103458
## Max. :2400 Max. :67572 Max. :138540
For Group 1, the Average Annual Cost of colleges in the 90th percentile and up based on average SAT scores was $58,977 in 2015.
Group 1 average SAT scores: 2276 Group 1 average family income of those students who applied for financial aid: $92,495
The average SAT score for Group 1 colleges is between 2276.
The average annual cost of most Group 1 colleges is $58,977. Private colleges in Group 1 cost about twice as much per year as public colleges with in-state tuition.
The average family income of students in Group 1 colleges who applied for Federal financial aid is $92,495.
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 145637 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | 2160 | 29568 | 84770.01 |
| 110680 | University of California-San Diego | 2160 | 30837 | 52686.74 |
| 198385 | Davidson College | 2160 | 60921 | 101805.66 |
| 203535 | Kenyon College | 2140 | 62160 | 122673.24 |
| 199120 | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | 2130 | 23940 | 79797.67 |
| 174066 | University of Minnesota-Twin Cities | 2130 | 24823 | 86275.21 |
| 160755 | Tulane University of Louisiana | 2130 | 62856 | 98143.93 |
| 237057 | Whitman College | 2120 | 58228 | 114423.69 |
| 233374 | University of Richmond | 2120 | 59569 | 94688.38 |
| 149781 | Wheaton College | 2110 | 43715 | 105146.16 |
| 240444 | University of Wisconsin-Madison | 2100 | 24315 | 103404.77 |
| 228778 | The University of Texas at Austin | 2100 | 26119 | 74066.44 |
| 228246 | Southern Methodist University | 2100 | 63364 | 107754.26 |
| 164988 | Boston University | 2100 | 63588 | 105573.07 |
| 216597 | Villanova University | 2090 | 60556 | 130461.76 |
| 124292 | Thomas Aquinas College | 2080 | 35706 | 99704.54 |
| 211291 | Bucknell University | 2080 | 63040 | 129447.03 |
| 131469 | George Washington University | 2080 | 63159 | 105773.86 |
| 126775 | Colorado School of Mines | 2070 | 30990 | 101298.66 |
| 135726 | University of Miami | 2070 | 61666 | 96081.77 |
| 213385 | Lafayette College | 2070 | 61905 | 149588.61 |
| 120254 | Occidental College | 2070 | 64804 | 96036.73 |
| 196079 | SUNY at Binghamton | 2053 | 23480 | 79298.10 |
| 262129 | New College of Florida | 2050 | 20004 | 63559.50 |
| 204796 | Ohio State University-Main Campus | 2050 | 25306 | 77577.24 |
| 196097 | Stony Brook University | 2040 | 22000 | 62477.80 |
| 145646 | Illinois Wesleyan University | 2040 | 52548 | 113055.83 |
| 399911 | Soka University of America | 2030 | 44550 | 55530.39 |
| 197708 | Yeshiva University | 2030 | 56555 | 97914.52 |
| 191241 | Fordham University | 2030 | 60867 | 125462.25 |
| 230038 | Brigham Young University-Provo | 2020 | 17504 | 57623.56 |
| 134130 | University of Florida | 2020 | 20467 | 54908.94 |
| 228787 | The University of Texas at Dallas | 2020 | 23133 | 51393.09 |
| 236948 | University of Washington-Seattle Campus | 2020 | 25240 | 57388.95 |
| 215293 | University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus | 2020 | 32754 | 93236.99 |
| 195526 | Skidmore College | 2013 | 62750 | 113843.63 |
| 131159 | American University | 2010 | 58965 | 102820.34 |
| 186380 | Rutgers University-New Brunswick | 2000 | 29076 | 64200.55 |
| 173142 | Bethany Lutheran College | 2000 | 33807 | 71053.70 |
| 206589 | The College of Wooster | 2000 | 55500 | 101369.10 |
| 139959 | University of Georgia | 1990 | 22536 | 81422.10 |
| 171128 | Michigan Technological University | 1990 | 26306 | 83956.09 |
| 129020 | University of Connecticut | 1990 | 28016 | 87047.28 |
| 110644 | University of California-Davis | 1990 | 33271 | 50549.67 |
| 110705 | University of California-Santa Barbara | 1990 | 34496 | 55149.87 |
| 224323 | University of Dallas | 1990 | 49643 | 97006.72 |
| 210401 | Willamette University | 1980 | 56834 | 96816.32 |
| 164739 | Bentley University | 1980 | 58788 | 120151.03 |
| 195003 | Rochester Institute of Technology | 1970 | 49013 | 84067.18 |
| 165662 | Emerson College | 1970 | 55818 | 115630.60 |
| 121150 | Pepperdine University | 1970 | 63482 | 104930.53 |
| 243780 | Purdue University-Main Campus | 1960 | 22581 | 91660.97 |
| 199193 | North Carolina State University at Raleigh | 1960 | 22767 | 78488.38 |
| 187134 | The College of New Jersey | 1960 | 30299 | 107741.09 |
| 218441 | North Greenville University | 1960 | 30403 | 58410.09 |
| 223232 | Baylor University | 1960 | 53892 | 99949.03 |
| 122436 | University of San Diego | 1960 | 59234 | 93138.25 |
| 233921 | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | 1950 | 25837 | 100847.20 |
| 127060 | University of Denver | 1950 | 56992 | 102003.80 |
| 117946 | Loyola Marymount University | 1950 | 58531 | 103342.92 |
| 111948 | Chapman University | 1950 | 61231 | 96711.48 |
| 178411 | Missouri University of Science and Technology | 1940 | 21793 | 75714.08 |
| 163268 | University of Maryland-Baltimore County | 1940 | 22873 | 66175.31 |
| 130943 | University of Delaware | 1940 | 24086 | 122411.46 |
| 185828 | New Jersey Institute of Technology | 1940 | 28150 | 56321.92 |
| 231174 | University of Vermont | 1940 | 29332 | 107398.51 |
| 214777 | Pennsylvania State University-Main Campus | 1940 | 34258 | 80547.64 |
| 443410 | DigiPen Institute of Technology | 1940 | 41573 | 76656.56 |
| 198516 | Elon University | 1940 | 45186 | 144722.18 |
| 239105 | Marquette University | 1940 | 49868 | 118342.36 |
| 125727 | Westmont College | 1940 | 55570 | 109471.93 |
| 118888 | Mills College | 1940 | 58812 | 57467.19 |
| 107141 | John Brown University | 1935 | 35706 | 64665.35 |
| 140447 | Mercer University | 1935 | 48016 | 61815.21 |
| 110714 | University of California-Santa Cruz | 1930 | 34124 | 57985.70 |
| 139393 | Covenant College | 1930 | 41320 | 85991.37 |
| 173665 | Hamline University | 1930 | 46670 | 71525.64 |
| 153162 | Cornell College | 1930 | 50804 | 95737.75 |
| 196413 | Syracuse University | 1930 | 59047 | 98260.83 |
| 230764 | University of Utah | 1920 | 19447 | 51061.42 |
| 134097 | Florida State University | 1920 | 21463 | 65105.75 |
| 228723 | Texas A & M University-College Station | 1920 | 22893 | 75776.42 |
| 174251 | University of Minnesota-Morris | 1920 | 23141 | 69668.72 |
| 201654 | Cedarville University | 1920 | 35309 | 84764.17 |
| 153250 | Dordt College | 1920 | 39928 | 94154.28 |
| 222983 | Austin College | 1920 | 48837 | 79684.71 |
| 228875 | Texas Christian University | 1920 | 53532 | 110495.72 |
| 151351 | Indiana University-Bloomington | 1910 | 24326 | 95400.12 |
| 201885 | University of Cincinnati-Main Campus | 1910 | 26370 | 67618.72 |
| 110653 | University of California-Irvine | 1910 | 30796 | 48494.66 |
| 236595 | Seattle University | 1910 | 54668 | 92445.53 |
| 120883 | University of the Pacific | 1910 | 55473 | 68896.34 |
| 150400 | DePauw University | 1910 | 56146 | 107446.38 |
| 100858 | Auburn University | 1900 | 29164 | 88987.81 |
| 181002 | Creighton University | 1900 | 48767 | 110479.91 |
| 454184 | The King’s College | 1890 | 49487 | 79942.23 |
| 146719 | Loyola University Chicago | 1890 | 50954 | 82189.16 |
| 190044 | Clarkson University | 1890 | 59672 | 99232.87 |
| 180461 | Montana State University | 1880 | 18961 | 69548.09 |
| 132903 | University of Central Florida | 1880 | 19911 | 46454.55 |
| 199218 | University of North Carolina Wilmington | 1880 | 21050 | 69080.00 |
| 144971 | Eureka College | 1880 | 29515 | 65492.13 |
| 226231 | LeTourneau University | 1880 | 39986 | 57221.41 |
| 152530 | Taylor University | 1880 | 40960 | 86388.13 |
| 218973 | Wofford College | 1880 | 50897 | 105349.99 |
| 122612 | University of San Francisco | 1880 | 59603 | 81757.37 |
| 153834 | Luther College | 1875 | 49758 | 100346.80 |
| 153144 | Coe College | 1873 | 48923 | 77097.25 |
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 230038 | Brigham Young University-Provo | 2020 | 17504 | 57623.56 |
| 180461 | Montana State University | 1880 | 18961 | 69548.09 |
| 230764 | University of Utah | 1920 | 19447 | 51061.42 |
| 132903 | University of Central Florida | 1880 | 19911 | 46454.55 |
| 262129 | New College of Florida | 2050 | 20004 | 63559.50 |
| 134130 | University of Florida | 2020 | 20467 | 54908.94 |
| 199218 | University of North Carolina Wilmington | 1880 | 21050 | 69080.00 |
| 134097 | Florida State University | 1920 | 21463 | 65105.75 |
| 178411 | Missouri University of Science and Technology | 1940 | 21793 | 75714.08 |
| 196097 | Stony Brook University | 2040 | 22000 | 62477.80 |
| 139959 | University of Georgia | 1990 | 22536 | 81422.10 |
| 243780 | Purdue University-Main Campus | 1960 | 22581 | 91660.97 |
| 199193 | North Carolina State University at Raleigh | 1960 | 22767 | 78488.38 |
| 163268 | University of Maryland-Baltimore County | 1940 | 22873 | 66175.31 |
| 228723 | Texas A & M University-College Station | 1920 | 22893 | 75776.42 |
| 228787 | The University of Texas at Dallas | 2020 | 23133 | 51393.09 |
| 174251 | University of Minnesota-Morris | 1920 | 23141 | 69668.72 |
| 196079 | SUNY at Binghamton | 2053 | 23480 | 79298.10 |
| 199120 | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | 2130 | 23940 | 79797.67 |
| 130943 | University of Delaware | 1940 | 24086 | 122411.46 |
| 240444 | University of Wisconsin-Madison | 2100 | 24315 | 103404.77 |
| 151351 | Indiana University-Bloomington | 1910 | 24326 | 95400.12 |
| 174066 | University of Minnesota-Twin Cities | 2130 | 24823 | 86275.21 |
| 236948 | University of Washington-Seattle Campus | 2020 | 25240 | 57388.95 |
| 204796 | Ohio State University-Main Campus | 2050 | 25306 | 77577.24 |
| 233921 | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | 1950 | 25837 | 100847.20 |
| 228778 | The University of Texas at Austin | 2100 | 26119 | 74066.44 |
| 171128 | Michigan Technological University | 1990 | 26306 | 83956.09 |
| 201885 | University of Cincinnati-Main Campus | 1910 | 26370 | 67618.72 |
| 129020 | University of Connecticut | 1990 | 28016 | 87047.28 |
| 185828 | New Jersey Institute of Technology | 1940 | 28150 | 56321.92 |
| 186380 | Rutgers University-New Brunswick | 2000 | 29076 | 64200.55 |
| 100858 | Auburn University | 1900 | 29164 | 88987.81 |
| 231174 | University of Vermont | 1940 | 29332 | 107398.51 |
| 144971 | Eureka College | 1880 | 29515 | 65492.13 |
| 145637 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | 2160 | 29568 | 84770.01 |
| 187134 | The College of New Jersey | 1960 | 30299 | 107741.09 |
| 218441 | North Greenville University | 1960 | 30403 | 58410.09 |
| 110653 | University of California-Irvine | 1910 | 30796 | 48494.66 |
| 110680 | University of California-San Diego | 2160 | 30837 | 52686.74 |
| 126775 | Colorado School of Mines | 2070 | 30990 | 101298.66 |
| 215293 | University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus | 2020 | 32754 | 93236.99 |
| 110644 | University of California-Davis | 1990 | 33271 | 50549.67 |
| 173142 | Bethany Lutheran College | 2000 | 33807 | 71053.70 |
| 110714 | University of California-Santa Cruz | 1930 | 34124 | 57985.70 |
| 214777 | Pennsylvania State University-Main Campus | 1940 | 34258 | 80547.64 |
| 110705 | University of California-Santa Barbara | 1990 | 34496 | 55149.87 |
| 201654 | Cedarville University | 1920 | 35309 | 84764.17 |
| 124292 | Thomas Aquinas College | 2080 | 35706 | 99704.54 |
| 107141 | John Brown University | 1935 | 35706 | 64665.35 |
| 153250 | Dordt College | 1920 | 39928 | 94154.28 |
| 226231 | LeTourneau University | 1880 | 39986 | 57221.41 |
| 152530 | Taylor University | 1880 | 40960 | 86388.13 |
| 139393 | Covenant College | 1930 | 41320 | 85991.37 |
| 443410 | DigiPen Institute of Technology | 1940 | 41573 | 76656.56 |
| 149781 | Wheaton College | 2110 | 43715 | 105146.16 |
| 399911 | Soka University of America | 2030 | 44550 | 55530.39 |
| 198516 | Elon University | 1940 | 45186 | 144722.18 |
| 173665 | Hamline University | 1930 | 46670 | 71525.64 |
| 140447 | Mercer University | 1935 | 48016 | 61815.21 |
| 181002 | Creighton University | 1900 | 48767 | 110479.91 |
| 222983 | Austin College | 1920 | 48837 | 79684.71 |
| 153144 | Coe College | 1873 | 48923 | 77097.25 |
| 195003 | Rochester Institute of Technology | 1970 | 49013 | 84067.18 |
| 454184 | The King’s College | 1890 | 49487 | 79942.23 |
| 224323 | University of Dallas | 1990 | 49643 | 97006.72 |
| 153834 | Luther College | 1875 | 49758 | 100346.80 |
| 239105 | Marquette University | 1940 | 49868 | 118342.36 |
| 153162 | Cornell College | 1930 | 50804 | 95737.75 |
| 218973 | Wofford College | 1880 | 50897 | 105349.99 |
| 146719 | Loyola University Chicago | 1890 | 50954 | 82189.16 |
| 145646 | Illinois Wesleyan University | 2040 | 52548 | 113055.83 |
| 228875 | Texas Christian University | 1920 | 53532 | 110495.72 |
| 223232 | Baylor University | 1960 | 53892 | 99949.03 |
| 236595 | Seattle University | 1910 | 54668 | 92445.53 |
| 120883 | University of the Pacific | 1910 | 55473 | 68896.34 |
| 206589 | The College of Wooster | 2000 | 55500 | 101369.10 |
| 125727 | Westmont College | 1940 | 55570 | 109471.93 |
| 165662 | Emerson College | 1970 | 55818 | 115630.60 |
| 150400 | DePauw University | 1910 | 56146 | 107446.38 |
| 197708 | Yeshiva University | 2030 | 56555 | 97914.52 |
| 210401 | Willamette University | 1980 | 56834 | 96816.32 |
| 127060 | University of Denver | 1950 | 56992 | 102003.80 |
| 237057 | Whitman College | 2120 | 58228 | 114423.69 |
| 117946 | Loyola Marymount University | 1950 | 58531 | 103342.92 |
| 164739 | Bentley University | 1980 | 58788 | 120151.03 |
| 118888 | Mills College | 1940 | 58812 | 57467.19 |
| 131159 | American University | 2010 | 58965 | 102820.34 |
| 196413 | Syracuse University | 1930 | 59047 | 98260.83 |
| 122436 | University of San Diego | 1960 | 59234 | 93138.25 |
| 233374 | University of Richmond | 2120 | 59569 | 94688.38 |
| 122612 | University of San Francisco | 1880 | 59603 | 81757.37 |
| 190044 | Clarkson University | 1890 | 59672 | 99232.87 |
| 216597 | Villanova University | 2090 | 60556 | 130461.76 |
| 191241 | Fordham University | 2030 | 60867 | 125462.25 |
| 198385 | Davidson College | 2160 | 60921 | 101805.66 |
| 111948 | Chapman University | 1950 | 61231 | 96711.48 |
| 135726 | University of Miami | 2070 | 61666 | 96081.77 |
| 213385 | Lafayette College | 2070 | 61905 | 149588.61 |
| 203535 | Kenyon College | 2140 | 62160 | 122673.24 |
| 195526 | Skidmore College | 2013 | 62750 | 113843.63 |
| 160755 | Tulane University of Louisiana | 2130 | 62856 | 98143.93 |
| 211291 | Bucknell University | 2080 | 63040 | 129447.03 |
| 131469 | George Washington University | 2080 | 63159 | 105773.86 |
| 228246 | Southern Methodist University | 2100 | 63364 | 107754.26 |
| 121150 | Pepperdine University | 1970 | 63482 | 104930.53 |
| 164988 | Boston University | 2100 | 63588 | 105573.07 |
| 120254 | Occidental College | 2070 | 64804 | 96036.73 |
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 132903 | University of Central Florida | 1880 | 19911 | 46454.55 |
| 110653 | University of California-Irvine | 1910 | 30796 | 48494.66 |
| 110644 | University of California-Davis | 1990 | 33271 | 50549.67 |
| 230764 | University of Utah | 1920 | 19447 | 51061.42 |
| 228787 | The University of Texas at Dallas | 2020 | 23133 | 51393.09 |
| 110680 | University of California-San Diego | 2160 | 30837 | 52686.74 |
| 134130 | University of Florida | 2020 | 20467 | 54908.94 |
| 110705 | University of California-Santa Barbara | 1990 | 34496 | 55149.87 |
| 399911 | Soka University of America | 2030 | 44550 | 55530.39 |
| 185828 | New Jersey Institute of Technology | 1940 | 28150 | 56321.92 |
| 226231 | LeTourneau University | 1880 | 39986 | 57221.41 |
| 236948 | University of Washington-Seattle Campus | 2020 | 25240 | 57388.95 |
| 118888 | Mills College | 1940 | 58812 | 57467.19 |
| 230038 | Brigham Young University-Provo | 2020 | 17504 | 57623.56 |
| 110714 | University of California-Santa Cruz | 1930 | 34124 | 57985.70 |
| 218441 | North Greenville University | 1960 | 30403 | 58410.09 |
| 140447 | Mercer University | 1935 | 48016 | 61815.21 |
| 196097 | Stony Brook University | 2040 | 22000 | 62477.80 |
| 262129 | New College of Florida | 2050 | 20004 | 63559.50 |
| 186380 | Rutgers University-New Brunswick | 2000 | 29076 | 64200.55 |
| 107141 | John Brown University | 1935 | 35706 | 64665.35 |
| 134097 | Florida State University | 1920 | 21463 | 65105.75 |
| 144971 | Eureka College | 1880 | 29515 | 65492.13 |
| 163268 | University of Maryland-Baltimore County | 1940 | 22873 | 66175.31 |
| 201885 | University of Cincinnati-Main Campus | 1910 | 26370 | 67618.72 |
| 120883 | University of the Pacific | 1910 | 55473 | 68896.34 |
| 199218 | University of North Carolina Wilmington | 1880 | 21050 | 69080.00 |
| 180461 | Montana State University | 1880 | 18961 | 69548.09 |
| 174251 | University of Minnesota-Morris | 1920 | 23141 | 69668.72 |
| 173142 | Bethany Lutheran College | 2000 | 33807 | 71053.70 |
| 173665 | Hamline University | 1930 | 46670 | 71525.64 |
| 228778 | The University of Texas at Austin | 2100 | 26119 | 74066.44 |
| 178411 | Missouri University of Science and Technology | 1940 | 21793 | 75714.08 |
| 228723 | Texas A & M University-College Station | 1920 | 22893 | 75776.42 |
| 443410 | DigiPen Institute of Technology | 1940 | 41573 | 76656.56 |
| 153144 | Coe College | 1873 | 48923 | 77097.25 |
| 204796 | Ohio State University-Main Campus | 2050 | 25306 | 77577.24 |
| 199193 | North Carolina State University at Raleigh | 1960 | 22767 | 78488.38 |
| 196079 | SUNY at Binghamton | 2053 | 23480 | 79298.10 |
| 222983 | Austin College | 1920 | 48837 | 79684.71 |
| 199120 | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | 2130 | 23940 | 79797.67 |
| 454184 | The King’s College | 1890 | 49487 | 79942.23 |
| 214777 | Pennsylvania State University-Main Campus | 1940 | 34258 | 80547.64 |
| 139959 | University of Georgia | 1990 | 22536 | 81422.10 |
| 122612 | University of San Francisco | 1880 | 59603 | 81757.37 |
| 146719 | Loyola University Chicago | 1890 | 50954 | 82189.16 |
| 171128 | Michigan Technological University | 1990 | 26306 | 83956.09 |
| 195003 | Rochester Institute of Technology | 1970 | 49013 | 84067.18 |
| 201654 | Cedarville University | 1920 | 35309 | 84764.17 |
| 145637 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | 2160 | 29568 | 84770.01 |
| 139393 | Covenant College | 1930 | 41320 | 85991.37 |
| 174066 | University of Minnesota-Twin Cities | 2130 | 24823 | 86275.21 |
| 152530 | Taylor University | 1880 | 40960 | 86388.13 |
| 129020 | University of Connecticut | 1990 | 28016 | 87047.28 |
| 100858 | Auburn University | 1900 | 29164 | 88987.81 |
| 243780 | Purdue University-Main Campus | 1960 | 22581 | 91660.97 |
| 236595 | Seattle University | 1910 | 54668 | 92445.53 |
| 122436 | University of San Diego | 1960 | 59234 | 93138.25 |
| 215293 | University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus | 2020 | 32754 | 93236.99 |
| 153250 | Dordt College | 1920 | 39928 | 94154.28 |
| 233374 | University of Richmond | 2120 | 59569 | 94688.38 |
| 151351 | Indiana University-Bloomington | 1910 | 24326 | 95400.12 |
| 153162 | Cornell College | 1930 | 50804 | 95737.75 |
| 120254 | Occidental College | 2070 | 64804 | 96036.73 |
| 135726 | University of Miami | 2070 | 61666 | 96081.77 |
| 111948 | Chapman University | 1950 | 61231 | 96711.48 |
| 210401 | Willamette University | 1980 | 56834 | 96816.32 |
| 224323 | University of Dallas | 1990 | 49643 | 97006.72 |
| 197708 | Yeshiva University | 2030 | 56555 | 97914.52 |
| 160755 | Tulane University of Louisiana | 2130 | 62856 | 98143.93 |
| 196413 | Syracuse University | 1930 | 59047 | 98260.83 |
| 190044 | Clarkson University | 1890 | 59672 | 99232.87 |
| 124292 | Thomas Aquinas College | 2080 | 35706 | 99704.54 |
| 223232 | Baylor University | 1960 | 53892 | 99949.03 |
| 153834 | Luther College | 1875 | 49758 | 100346.80 |
| 233921 | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | 1950 | 25837 | 100847.20 |
| 126775 | Colorado School of Mines | 2070 | 30990 | 101298.66 |
| 206589 | The College of Wooster | 2000 | 55500 | 101369.10 |
| 198385 | Davidson College | 2160 | 60921 | 101805.66 |
| 127060 | University of Denver | 1950 | 56992 | 102003.80 |
| 131159 | American University | 2010 | 58965 | 102820.34 |
| 117946 | Loyola Marymount University | 1950 | 58531 | 103342.92 |
| 240444 | University of Wisconsin-Madison | 2100 | 24315 | 103404.77 |
| 121150 | Pepperdine University | 1970 | 63482 | 104930.53 |
| 149781 | Wheaton College | 2110 | 43715 | 105146.16 |
| 218973 | Wofford College | 1880 | 50897 | 105349.99 |
| 164988 | Boston University | 2100 | 63588 | 105573.07 |
| 131469 | George Washington University | 2080 | 63159 | 105773.86 |
| 231174 | University of Vermont | 1940 | 29332 | 107398.51 |
| 150400 | DePauw University | 1910 | 56146 | 107446.38 |
| 187134 | The College of New Jersey | 1960 | 30299 | 107741.09 |
| 228246 | Southern Methodist University | 2100 | 63364 | 107754.26 |
| 125727 | Westmont College | 1940 | 55570 | 109471.93 |
| 181002 | Creighton University | 1900 | 48767 | 110479.91 |
| 228875 | Texas Christian University | 1920 | 53532 | 110495.72 |
| 145646 | Illinois Wesleyan University | 2040 | 52548 | 113055.83 |
| 195526 | Skidmore College | 2013 | 62750 | 113843.63 |
| 237057 | Whitman College | 2120 | 58228 | 114423.69 |
| 165662 | Emerson College | 1970 | 55818 | 115630.60 |
| 239105 | Marquette University | 1940 | 49868 | 118342.36 |
| 164739 | Bentley University | 1980 | 58788 | 120151.03 |
| 130943 | University of Delaware | 1940 | 24086 | 122411.46 |
| 203535 | Kenyon College | 2140 | 62160 | 122673.24 |
| 191241 | Fordham University | 2030 | 60867 | 125462.25 |
| 211291 | Bucknell University | 2080 | 63040 | 129447.03 |
| 216597 | Villanova University | 2090 | 60556 | 130461.76 |
| 198516 | Elon University | 1940 | 45186 | 144722.18 |
| 213385 | Lafayette College | 2070 | 61905 | 149588.61 |
Summary of Schools in the 75th - 90th Percentiles based on SAT Scores
## SAT Avg Cost Annual Family Income
## Min. :1873 Min. :17504 Min. : 46455
## 1st Qu.:1920 1st Qu.:26259 1st Qu.: 69431
## Median :1960 Median :41446 Median : 88018
## Mean :1983 Mean :41643 Mean : 87714
## 3rd Qu.:2032 3rd Qu.:56625 3rd Qu.:102951
## Max. :2160 Max. :64804 Max. :149589
Group 2 colleges average annual cost was $41,643 in 2015.
Average of the highest Total SAT scores: 1983 Average family income of those students who applied for financial aid: $87,714.
Average SAT score for colleges in Group 2 is 1983.
Average annual cost for Group 2 colleges ranges from about $17,000 to $65,000 and is $41,643.
The average family income for Group 2 colleges is $87,714.
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 168591 | Alma College | 1868 | 46606 | 76933.67 |
| 179894 | Webster University | 1865 | 40119 | 55684.46 |
| 121309 | Point Loma Nazarene University | 1860 | 45457 | 87367.78 |
| 150163 | Butler University | 1860 | 50538 | 120099.16 |
| 156295 | Berea College | 1860 | 34180 | 26941.64 |
| 157085 | University of Kentucky | 1860 | 24738 | 79063.79 |
| 199111 | University of North Carolina at Asheville | 1860 | 19760 | 60253.41 |
| 202480 | University of Dayton | 1860 | 51320 | 129649.39 |
| 230852 | Champlain College | 1860 | 49702 | 83884.22 |
| 154527 | Wartburg College | 1853 | 47387 | 90808.50 |
| 110097 | Biola University | 1850 | 47468 | 77676.58 |
| 139144 | Berry College | 1850 | 43910 | 89119.40 |
| 145600 | University of Illinois at Chicago | 1850 | 25046 | 47070.24 |
| 152673 | Wabash College | 1850 | 48980 | 95103.06 |
| 165936 | Gordon College | 1850 | 46520 | 96159.03 |
| 213996 | Messiah College | 1850 | 43798 | 95298.79 |
| 231712 | Christopher Newport University | 1850 | 26286 | 106437.98 |
| 148487 | Roosevelt University | 1845 | 40660 | 48666.44 |
| 169716 | University of Detroit Mercy | 1844 | 49675 | 62833.00 |
| 110671 | University of California-Riverside | 1840 | 30943 | 49287.72 |
| 123554 | Saint Mary’s College of California | 1840 | 59167 | 96530.64 |
| 168740 | Andrews University | 1840 | 36206 | 62556.53 |
| 171100 | Michigan State University | 1840 | 24976 | 85377.93 |
| 188429 | Adelphi University | 1840 | 45034 | 78107.88 |
| 197869 | Appalachian State University | 1840 | 19359 | 71355.60 |
| 232308 | Hollins University | 1840 | 49184 | 57137.34 |
| 102049 | Samford University | 1830 | 42270 | 100134.75 |
| 134079 | Florida Southern College | 1830 | 42822 | 80768.92 |
| 136172 | University of North Florida | 1830 | 20616 | 52726.76 |
| 139861 | Georgia College and State University | 1830 | 24478 | 87662.15 |
| 140696 | Oglethorpe University | 1830 | 46409 | 59068.45 |
| 150534 | University of Evansville | 1830 | 44416 | 78175.32 |
| 152390 | Saint Mary’s College | 1830 | 49078 | 105716.47 |
| 157289 | University of Louisville | 1830 | 23873 | 64728.09 |
| 204635 | Ohio Northern University | 1830 | 42680 | 85486.28 |
| 209542 | Oregon State University | 1830 | 24418 | 60249.05 |
| 236230 | Pacific Lutheran University | 1830 | 49488 | 72082.49 |
| 131520 | Howard University | 1820 | 43116 | 55842.08 |
| 152600 | Valparaiso University | 1820 | 45945 | 78929.94 |
| 180489 | The University of Montana | 1820 | 16807 | 53879.13 |
| 204936 | Otterbein University | 1820 | 43880 | 81096.86 |
| 227845 | Saint Edward’s University | 1820 | 49239 | 64351.20 |
| 181394 | University of Nebraska at Omaha | 1813 | 17148 | 60067.57 |
| 100751 | The University of Alabama | 1810 | 27205 | 89976.37 |
| 117751 | The Master’s University and Seminary | 1810 | 43200 | 72097.43 |
| 196176 | State University of New York at New Paltz | 1810 | 21716 | 68525.39 |
| 207324 | Oklahoma Christian University | 1810 | 30501 | 80738.19 |
| 232256 | Hampden-Sydney College | 1810 | 54368 | 110845.12 |
| 232681 | University of Mary Washington | 1810 | 24076 | 89375.32 |
| 237011 | Western Washington University | 1810 | 22864 | 67253.53 |
| 446048 | Ave Maria University | 1810 | 31192 | 93274.32 |
| 110413 | California Lutheran University | 1800 | 52386 | 81817.18 |
| 183044 | University of New Hampshire-Main Campus | 1800 | 30246 | 99680.96 |
| 204857 | Ohio University-Main Campus | 1800 | 25483 | 68825.06 |
| 233426 | Roanoke College | 1798 | 52588 | 100572.43 |
| 144962 | Elmhurst College | 1795 | 44473 | 66128.17 |
| 102614 | University of Alaska Fairbanks | 1790 | 16025 | 47045.83 |
| 180106 | Carroll College | 1790 | 42391 | 87067.02 |
| 180416 | Montana Tech of the University of Montana | 1790 | 17508 | 52720.93 |
| 207458 | Oklahoma City University | 1790 | 45171 | 77081.24 |
| 208822 | George Fox University | 1790 | 43901 | 75482.35 |
| 211088 | Arcadia University | 1790 | 51888 | 77160.08 |
| 227863 | University of St Thomas | 1790 | 40040 | 54396.70 |
| 229115 | Texas Tech University | 1790 | 21869 | 71479.98 |
| 234030 | Virginia Commonwealth University | 1790 | 28631 | 69278.62 |
| 451671 | University of South Florida-Sarasota-Manatee | 1790 | 12515 | 48190.07 |
| 198695 | High Point University | 1789 | 46710 | 142304.23 |
| 161253 | University of Maine | 1788 | 22444 | 72127.14 |
| 150756 | Hanover College | 1780 | 45338 | 79443.61 |
| 174233 | University of Minnesota-Duluth | 1780 | 23099 | 88656.11 |
| 192703 | Manhattan College | 1780 | 50517 | 91020.53 |
| 200332 | North Dakota State University-Main Campus | 1780 | 19198 | 84969.64 |
| 201548 | Capital University | 1780 | 44099 | 72510.13 |
| 203368 | John Carroll University | 1780 | 48728 | 109148.27 |
| 235167 | The Evergreen State College | 1780 | 22253 | 39228.28 |
| 217633 | Anderson University | 1773 | 38307 | 74297.13 |
| 130226 | Quinnipiac University | 1770 | 56764 | 122012.89 |
| 147244 | Millikin University | 1770 | 40764 | 64093.23 |
| 150136 | Ball State University | 1770 | 22294 | 72605.34 |
| 168227 | Wentworth Institute of Technology | 1770 | 48907 | 90446.54 |
| 170675 | Lawrence Technological University | 1770 | 42707 | 68357.77 |
| 206604 | Wright State University-Main Campus | 1770 | 19446 | 54689.23 |
| 206622 | Xavier University | 1770 | 47980 | 103888.52 |
| 232557 | Liberty University | 1770 | 33078 | 41805.23 |
| 159993 | University of Louisiana at Monroe | 1768 | 16944 | 47736.61 |
| 173045 | Augsburg College | 1765 | 46545 | 62105.35 |
| 101709 | University of Montevallo | 1760 | 22840 | 51637.79 |
| 136330 | Palm Beach Atlantic University | 1760 | 39604 | 66701.49 |
| 141574 | University of Hawaii at Manoa | 1760 | 21177 | 56340.93 |
| 151801 | Indiana Wesleyan University-Marion | 1760 | 34922 | 45327.49 |
| 166452 | Lesley University | 1760 | 40652 | 76931.17 |
| 182290 | University of Nevada-Reno | 1760 | 20542 | 64103.85 |
| 184782 | Rowan University | 1760 | 27078 | 77733.40 |
| 206084 | University of Toledo | 1760 | 22057 | 59656.66 |
| 210739 | DeSales University | 1760 | 47687 | 75031.58 |
| 218539 | Presbyterian College | 1760 | 47823 | 77608.85 |
| 233295 | Randolph-Macon College | 1760 | 48970 | 101716.00 |
| 200217 | University of Mary | 1755 | 24857 | 82976.51 |
| 139931 | Georgia Southern University | 1750 | 22424 | 65970.90 |
| 164076 | Towson University | 1750 | 22506 | 77095.16 |
| 186876 | Stockton University | 1750 | 26929 | 69005.00 |
| 194958 | Roberts Wesleyan College | 1750 | 41358 | 61606.34 |
| 196291 | SUNY Maritime College | 1750 | 22648 | 99374.48 |
| 210331 | Corban University | 1750 | 40469 | 75110.30 |
| 215099 | Philadelphia University | 1750 | 50327 | 74227.51 |
| 222178 | Abilene Christian University | 1750 | 42942 | 78310.34 |
| 236896 | Walla Walla University | 1750 | 36369 | 82461.18 |
| 448840 | University of South Florida-St Petersburg | 1750 | 18556 | 48190.07 |
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 451671 | University of South Florida-Sarasota-Manatee | 1790 | 12515 | 48190.07 |
| 102614 | University of Alaska Fairbanks | 1790 | 16025 | 47045.83 |
| 180489 | The University of Montana | 1820 | 16807 | 53879.13 |
| 159993 | University of Louisiana at Monroe | 1768 | 16944 | 47736.61 |
| 181394 | University of Nebraska at Omaha | 1813 | 17148 | 60067.57 |
| 180416 | Montana Tech of the University of Montana | 1790 | 17508 | 52720.93 |
| 448840 | University of South Florida-St Petersburg | 1750 | 18556 | 48190.07 |
| 200332 | North Dakota State University-Main Campus | 1780 | 19198 | 84969.64 |
| 197869 | Appalachian State University | 1840 | 19359 | 71355.60 |
| 206604 | Wright State University-Main Campus | 1770 | 19446 | 54689.23 |
| 199111 | University of North Carolina at Asheville | 1860 | 19760 | 60253.41 |
| 182290 | University of Nevada-Reno | 1760 | 20542 | 64103.85 |
| 136172 | University of North Florida | 1830 | 20616 | 52726.76 |
| 141574 | University of Hawaii at Manoa | 1760 | 21177 | 56340.93 |
| 196176 | State University of New York at New Paltz | 1810 | 21716 | 68525.39 |
| 229115 | Texas Tech University | 1790 | 21869 | 71479.98 |
| 206084 | University of Toledo | 1760 | 22057 | 59656.66 |
| 235167 | The Evergreen State College | 1780 | 22253 | 39228.28 |
| 150136 | Ball State University | 1770 | 22294 | 72605.34 |
| 139931 | Georgia Southern University | 1750 | 22424 | 65970.90 |
| 161253 | University of Maine | 1788 | 22444 | 72127.14 |
| 164076 | Towson University | 1750 | 22506 | 77095.16 |
| 196291 | SUNY Maritime College | 1750 | 22648 | 99374.48 |
| 101709 | University of Montevallo | 1760 | 22840 | 51637.79 |
| 237011 | Western Washington University | 1810 | 22864 | 67253.53 |
| 174233 | University of Minnesota-Duluth | 1780 | 23099 | 88656.11 |
| 157289 | University of Louisville | 1830 | 23873 | 64728.09 |
| 232681 | University of Mary Washington | 1810 | 24076 | 89375.32 |
| 209542 | Oregon State University | 1830 | 24418 | 60249.05 |
| 139861 | Georgia College and State University | 1830 | 24478 | 87662.15 |
| 157085 | University of Kentucky | 1860 | 24738 | 79063.79 |
| 200217 | University of Mary | 1755 | 24857 | 82976.51 |
| 171100 | Michigan State University | 1840 | 24976 | 85377.93 |
| 145600 | University of Illinois at Chicago | 1850 | 25046 | 47070.24 |
| 204857 | Ohio University-Main Campus | 1800 | 25483 | 68825.06 |
| 231712 | Christopher Newport University | 1850 | 26286 | 106437.98 |
| 186876 | Stockton University | 1750 | 26929 | 69005.00 |
| 184782 | Rowan University | 1760 | 27078 | 77733.40 |
| 100751 | The University of Alabama | 1810 | 27205 | 89976.37 |
| 234030 | Virginia Commonwealth University | 1790 | 28631 | 69278.62 |
| 183044 | University of New Hampshire-Main Campus | 1800 | 30246 | 99680.96 |
| 207324 | Oklahoma Christian University | 1810 | 30501 | 80738.19 |
| 110671 | University of California-Riverside | 1840 | 30943 | 49287.72 |
| 446048 | Ave Maria University | 1810 | 31192 | 93274.32 |
| 232557 | Liberty University | 1770 | 33078 | 41805.23 |
| 156295 | Berea College | 1860 | 34180 | 26941.64 |
| 151801 | Indiana Wesleyan University-Marion | 1760 | 34922 | 45327.49 |
| 168740 | Andrews University | 1840 | 36206 | 62556.53 |
| 236896 | Walla Walla University | 1750 | 36369 | 82461.18 |
| 217633 | Anderson University | 1773 | 38307 | 74297.13 |
| 136330 | Palm Beach Atlantic University | 1760 | 39604 | 66701.49 |
| 227863 | University of St Thomas | 1790 | 40040 | 54396.70 |
| 179894 | Webster University | 1865 | 40119 | 55684.46 |
| 210331 | Corban University | 1750 | 40469 | 75110.30 |
| 166452 | Lesley University | 1760 | 40652 | 76931.17 |
| 148487 | Roosevelt University | 1845 | 40660 | 48666.44 |
| 147244 | Millikin University | 1770 | 40764 | 64093.23 |
| 194958 | Roberts Wesleyan College | 1750 | 41358 | 61606.34 |
| 102049 | Samford University | 1830 | 42270 | 100134.75 |
| 180106 | Carroll College | 1790 | 42391 | 87067.02 |
| 204635 | Ohio Northern University | 1830 | 42680 | 85486.28 |
| 170675 | Lawrence Technological University | 1770 | 42707 | 68357.77 |
| 134079 | Florida Southern College | 1830 | 42822 | 80768.92 |
| 222178 | Abilene Christian University | 1750 | 42942 | 78310.34 |
| 131520 | Howard University | 1820 | 43116 | 55842.08 |
| 117751 | The Master’s University and Seminary | 1810 | 43200 | 72097.43 |
| 213996 | Messiah College | 1850 | 43798 | 95298.79 |
| 204936 | Otterbein University | 1820 | 43880 | 81096.86 |
| 208822 | George Fox University | 1790 | 43901 | 75482.35 |
| 139144 | Berry College | 1850 | 43910 | 89119.40 |
| 201548 | Capital University | 1780 | 44099 | 72510.13 |
| 150534 | University of Evansville | 1830 | 44416 | 78175.32 |
| 144962 | Elmhurst College | 1795 | 44473 | 66128.17 |
| 188429 | Adelphi University | 1840 | 45034 | 78107.88 |
| 207458 | Oklahoma City University | 1790 | 45171 | 77081.24 |
| 150756 | Hanover College | 1780 | 45338 | 79443.61 |
| 121309 | Point Loma Nazarene University | 1860 | 45457 | 87367.78 |
| 152600 | Valparaiso University | 1820 | 45945 | 78929.94 |
| 140696 | Oglethorpe University | 1830 | 46409 | 59068.45 |
| 165936 | Gordon College | 1850 | 46520 | 96159.03 |
| 173045 | Augsburg College | 1765 | 46545 | 62105.35 |
| 168591 | Alma College | 1868 | 46606 | 76933.67 |
| 198695 | High Point University | 1789 | 46710 | 142304.23 |
| 154527 | Wartburg College | 1853 | 47387 | 90808.50 |
| 110097 | Biola University | 1850 | 47468 | 77676.58 |
| 210739 | DeSales University | 1760 | 47687 | 75031.58 |
| 218539 | Presbyterian College | 1760 | 47823 | 77608.85 |
| 206622 | Xavier University | 1770 | 47980 | 103888.52 |
| 203368 | John Carroll University | 1780 | 48728 | 109148.27 |
| 168227 | Wentworth Institute of Technology | 1770 | 48907 | 90446.54 |
| 233295 | Randolph-Macon College | 1760 | 48970 | 101716.00 |
| 152673 | Wabash College | 1850 | 48980 | 95103.06 |
| 152390 | Saint Mary’s College | 1830 | 49078 | 105716.47 |
| 232308 | Hollins University | 1840 | 49184 | 57137.34 |
| 227845 | Saint Edward’s University | 1820 | 49239 | 64351.20 |
| 236230 | Pacific Lutheran University | 1830 | 49488 | 72082.49 |
| 169716 | University of Detroit Mercy | 1844 | 49675 | 62833.00 |
| 230852 | Champlain College | 1860 | 49702 | 83884.22 |
| 215099 | Philadelphia University | 1750 | 50327 | 74227.51 |
| 192703 | Manhattan College | 1780 | 50517 | 91020.53 |
| 150163 | Butler University | 1860 | 50538 | 120099.16 |
| 202480 | University of Dayton | 1860 | 51320 | 129649.39 |
| 211088 | Arcadia University | 1790 | 51888 | 77160.08 |
| 110413 | California Lutheran University | 1800 | 52386 | 81817.18 |
| 233426 | Roanoke College | 1798 | 52588 | 100572.43 |
| 232256 | Hampden-Sydney College | 1810 | 54368 | 110845.12 |
| 130226 | Quinnipiac University | 1770 | 56764 | 122012.89 |
| 123554 | Saint Mary’s College of California | 1840 | 59167 | 96530.64 |
| Name | SAT Avg | Cost Annual | Family Income | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 156295 | Berea College | 1860 | 34180 | 26941.64 |
| 235167 | The Evergreen State College | 1780 | 22253 | 39228.28 |
| 232557 | Liberty University | 1770 | 33078 | 41805.23 |
| 151801 | Indiana Wesleyan University-Marion | 1760 | 34922 | 45327.49 |
| 102614 | University of Alaska Fairbanks | 1790 | 16025 | 47045.83 |
| 145600 | University of Illinois at Chicago | 1850 | 25046 | 47070.24 |
| 159993 | University of Louisiana at Monroe | 1768 | 16944 | 47736.61 |
| 451671 | University of South Florida-Sarasota-Manatee | 1790 | 12515 | 48190.07 |
| 448840 | University of South Florida-St Petersburg | 1750 | 18556 | 48190.07 |
| 148487 | Roosevelt University | 1845 | 40660 | 48666.44 |
| 110671 | University of California-Riverside | 1840 | 30943 | 49287.72 |
| 101709 | University of Montevallo | 1760 | 22840 | 51637.79 |
| 180416 | Montana Tech of the University of Montana | 1790 | 17508 | 52720.93 |
| 136172 | University of North Florida | 1830 | 20616 | 52726.76 |
| 180489 | The University of Montana | 1820 | 16807 | 53879.13 |
| 227863 | University of St Thomas | 1790 | 40040 | 54396.70 |
| 206604 | Wright State University-Main Campus | 1770 | 19446 | 54689.23 |
| 179894 | Webster University | 1865 | 40119 | 55684.46 |
| 131520 | Howard University | 1820 | 43116 | 55842.08 |
| 141574 | University of Hawaii at Manoa | 1760 | 21177 | 56340.93 |
| 232308 | Hollins University | 1840 | 49184 | 57137.34 |
| 140696 | Oglethorpe University | 1830 | 46409 | 59068.45 |
| 206084 | University of Toledo | 1760 | 22057 | 59656.66 |
| 181394 | University of Nebraska at Omaha | 1813 | 17148 | 60067.57 |
| 209542 | Oregon State University | 1830 | 24418 | 60249.05 |
| 199111 | University of North Carolina at Asheville | 1860 | 19760 | 60253.41 |
| 194958 | Roberts Wesleyan College | 1750 | 41358 | 61606.34 |
| 173045 | Augsburg College | 1765 | 46545 | 62105.35 |
| 168740 | Andrews University | 1840 | 36206 | 62556.53 |
| 169716 | University of Detroit Mercy | 1844 | 49675 | 62833.00 |
| 147244 | Millikin University | 1770 | 40764 | 64093.23 |
| 182290 | University of Nevada-Reno | 1760 | 20542 | 64103.85 |
| 227845 | Saint Edward’s University | 1820 | 49239 | 64351.20 |
| 157289 | University of Louisville | 1830 | 23873 | 64728.09 |
| 139931 | Georgia Southern University | 1750 | 22424 | 65970.90 |
| 144962 | Elmhurst College | 1795 | 44473 | 66128.17 |
| 136330 | Palm Beach Atlantic University | 1760 | 39604 | 66701.49 |
| 237011 | Western Washington University | 1810 | 22864 | 67253.53 |
| 170675 | Lawrence Technological University | 1770 | 42707 | 68357.77 |
| 196176 | State University of New York at New Paltz | 1810 | 21716 | 68525.39 |
| 204857 | Ohio University-Main Campus | 1800 | 25483 | 68825.06 |
| 186876 | Stockton University | 1750 | 26929 | 69005.00 |
| 234030 | Virginia Commonwealth University | 1790 | 28631 | 69278.62 |
| 197869 | Appalachian State University | 1840 | 19359 | 71355.60 |
| 229115 | Texas Tech University | 1790 | 21869 | 71479.98 |
| 236230 | Pacific Lutheran University | 1830 | 49488 | 72082.49 |
| 117751 | The Master’s University and Seminary | 1810 | 43200 | 72097.43 |
| 161253 | University of Maine | 1788 | 22444 | 72127.14 |
| 201548 | Capital University | 1780 | 44099 | 72510.13 |
| 150136 | Ball State University | 1770 | 22294 | 72605.34 |
| 215099 | Philadelphia University | 1750 | 50327 | 74227.51 |
| 217633 | Anderson University | 1773 | 38307 | 74297.13 |
| 210739 | DeSales University | 1760 | 47687 | 75031.58 |
| 210331 | Corban University | 1750 | 40469 | 75110.30 |
| 208822 | George Fox University | 1790 | 43901 | 75482.35 |
| 166452 | Lesley University | 1760 | 40652 | 76931.17 |
| 168591 | Alma College | 1868 | 46606 | 76933.67 |
| 207458 | Oklahoma City University | 1790 | 45171 | 77081.24 |
| 164076 | Towson University | 1750 | 22506 | 77095.16 |
| 211088 | Arcadia University | 1790 | 51888 | 77160.08 |
| 218539 | Presbyterian College | 1760 | 47823 | 77608.85 |
| 110097 | Biola University | 1850 | 47468 | 77676.58 |
| 184782 | Rowan University | 1760 | 27078 | 77733.40 |
| 188429 | Adelphi University | 1840 | 45034 | 78107.88 |
| 150534 | University of Evansville | 1830 | 44416 | 78175.32 |
| 222178 | Abilene Christian University | 1750 | 42942 | 78310.34 |
| 152600 | Valparaiso University | 1820 | 45945 | 78929.94 |
| 157085 | University of Kentucky | 1860 | 24738 | 79063.79 |
| 150756 | Hanover College | 1780 | 45338 | 79443.61 |
| 207324 | Oklahoma Christian University | 1810 | 30501 | 80738.19 |
| 134079 | Florida Southern College | 1830 | 42822 | 80768.92 |
| 204936 | Otterbein University | 1820 | 43880 | 81096.86 |
| 110413 | California Lutheran University | 1800 | 52386 | 81817.18 |
| 236896 | Walla Walla University | 1750 | 36369 | 82461.18 |
| 200217 | University of Mary | 1755 | 24857 | 82976.51 |
| 230852 | Champlain College | 1860 | 49702 | 83884.22 |
| 200332 | North Dakota State University-Main Campus | 1780 | 19198 | 84969.64 |
| 171100 | Michigan State University | 1840 | 24976 | 85377.93 |
| 204635 | Ohio Northern University | 1830 | 42680 | 85486.28 |
| 180106 | Carroll College | 1790 | 42391 | 87067.02 |
| 121309 | Point Loma Nazarene University | 1860 | 45457 | 87367.78 |
| 139861 | Georgia College and State University | 1830 | 24478 | 87662.15 |
| 174233 | University of Minnesota-Duluth | 1780 | 23099 | 88656.11 |
| 139144 | Berry College | 1850 | 43910 | 89119.40 |
| 232681 | University of Mary Washington | 1810 | 24076 | 89375.32 |
| 100751 | The University of Alabama | 1810 | 27205 | 89976.37 |
| 168227 | Wentworth Institute of Technology | 1770 | 48907 | 90446.54 |
| 154527 | Wartburg College | 1853 | 47387 | 90808.50 |
| 192703 | Manhattan College | 1780 | 50517 | 91020.53 |
| 446048 | Ave Maria University | 1810 | 31192 | 93274.32 |
| 152673 | Wabash College | 1850 | 48980 | 95103.06 |
| 213996 | Messiah College | 1850 | 43798 | 95298.79 |
| 165936 | Gordon College | 1850 | 46520 | 96159.03 |
| 123554 | Saint Mary’s College of California | 1840 | 59167 | 96530.64 |
| 196291 | SUNY Maritime College | 1750 | 22648 | 99374.48 |
| 183044 | University of New Hampshire-Main Campus | 1800 | 30246 | 99680.96 |
| 102049 | Samford University | 1830 | 42270 | 100134.75 |
| 233426 | Roanoke College | 1798 | 52588 | 100572.43 |
| 233295 | Randolph-Macon College | 1760 | 48970 | 101716.00 |
| 206622 | Xavier University | 1770 | 47980 | 103888.52 |
| 152390 | Saint Mary’s College | 1830 | 49078 | 105716.47 |
| 231712 | Christopher Newport University | 1850 | 26286 | 106437.98 |
| 203368 | John Carroll University | 1780 | 48728 | 109148.27 |
| 232256 | Hampden-Sydney College | 1810 | 54368 | 110845.12 |
| 150163 | Butler University | 1860 | 50538 | 120099.16 |
| 130226 | Quinnipiac University | 1770 | 56764 | 122012.89 |
| 202480 | University of Dayton | 1860 | 51320 | 129649.39 |
| 198695 | High Point University | 1789 | 46710 | 142304.23 |
## SAT Avg Cost Annual Family Income
## Min. :1750 Min. :12515 Min. : 26942
## 1st Qu.:1770 1st Qu.:24025 1st Qu.: 61981
## Median :1799 Median :40560 Median : 75296
## Mean :1802 Mean :36230 Mean : 75629
## 3rd Qu.:1830 3rd Qu.:46560 3rd Qu.: 87441
## Max. :1868 Max. :59167 Max. :142304
Group 3 colleges: * Average SAT scores: 1802 * Average Annual Cost was $36,230 in 2015.
* Average Family Income of those students who applied for financial aid: $75,629
The Average SAT score for Group 3 colleges is 1802.
Group 3 average annual cost is $36,230.
Group 3 average family income is $75,629.
The scatter plot shows that most colleges in the 90th percentile and above as measured by SAT scores have a higher annual cost than colleges with lower SAT requirements. There are a small number of exceptions at public universities with in-state tuition.
There is a moderate correlation between annual cost and SAT average score. The correlation in our data is: 0.537
## [1] 0.5374964
This scatter plot compares Family Income to SAT Average for those families who applied for Federal Financial Aid. The data shows that average family income is slightly higher for those colleges with higher SAT range.
There is a weak correlation between family income (for those families who applied for Federal Financial Aid) and SAT average score. The correlation in our data is: 0.298.
## [1] 0.2980859
Colleges which require the higher SAT Scores (90th percentile and above) tend to have a higher annual cost than those in the 75-90th and 50-75th percentiles.
It would be interesting to know if there are relationships between family income and SAT scores and between annual cost and SAT scores.
## [1] 0.1915272
In Group 3, the 50-75th percentile, there is only a .19 correlation between average SAT score and annual cost. SAT Scores are not related to annual cost in Group 3.
## [1] 0.1300599
In Group 2, the 75-90th percentile, there is only a .13 correlation between average SAT score and annual cost. SAT Scores are not related to annual cost in Group 2.
## [1] 0.347352
In Group 1, the 90th percentile and above, there is a weak correlation of 0.35 between SAT scores and annual cost.
Putting it all together, I wanted to see if we could get a visualization of schools ranked by SAT scores and Annual Cost. The highest SAT scores at the lowest cost would be the best value colleges.
The cost of college is generally higher for colleges in which the average SAT scores are higher. Average family income of financial aid applicants is slightly higher for the 90th percentile group than for the other groups.
When I included colleges which were below the SAT Average mean of 1749 I was surprised to find that there is a high correlation between family income and SAT scores.
## [1] 0.6191821
There was a .62 correlation between family income and SAT scores when the dataset included colleges in which the average SAT scores are below the mean of 1749.
## [1] 0.5142917
There is a moderate correlation of .514 between SAT scores and family income for the 50th percentile and below.
## [1] 0.2980859
There is a weak correlation of 0.3 between SAT scores and family income for the 50th percentile and above.
A student interested in attending a college in the 90th percentile and up will not have much of a choice in the annual cost of going to college. Almost all colleges in Group 1 cost between $60,000-$70,000 per year with the exception of instate public universities.
A student interested in attending a college in the 50-75th and 75-90th percentiles has many options. Annual cost of attending a college in Groups 2 and 3 can range from less than $20,000 to $70,000 per year. Public universities with instate tuition are less expensive than private universities.
There appears to be a relationship between family income and SAT scores. It would be interesting to investigate further and to consider other variables such as student age, public vs. private colleges, ethnicity, and other demographic data.
The dataset only includes data for families who applied for federal financial aid. The numbers for Annual Cost and Family Income may actually be higher if we also had data about families who did not apply for FAFSA, especially in the 90th percentile schools.
Colleges in which the average SAT scores are below the mean tend to cost less and have students whose average family incomes are lower than those that are above the mean.
It appears that family income is related to SAT scores. The lower the family income, the lower the SAT score, especially when SAT scores are below the mean.
Taking it further, we could break down the data by major. For example, a student majoring in journalism might want to eliminate colleges that do not have a journalism major from the dataset. This analysis used only SAT scores to group the colleges.
It would be interesting to explore further if there is a relationship between family income and average SAT scores. The data shows that there is a correlation between Family Income and High SAT scores. The top 10 percentile of colleges accept students with the highest SAT scores. A student from a higher income family is perhaps more likely to have higher SAT scores.
The data further shows that the average family income in the top 10th percentile, $91,787, is higher than the 75-90th percentile, $87,285, which is in turn higher than the family income in the 50-75th percentile, $75,629. It would be interesting to investigate further to see if family income determines your future SAT scores and therefore your likelihood of getting into a good college and therefore your chances of getting the best education in order to get the best job and preparation for financial success after graduation.
Since colleges select the highest scores in each category and students are able to retake the SAT as many times as they’d like, it’s possible that students in higher income homes were able to spend more money on SAT preparation courses and to take the exam several times more than students who could not afford to retake the exam and thus improve their scores.
It would also be interesting to find out if families with higher incomes are able to provide better quality education at the K-12 grades which leads to higher SAT scores. Perhaps K-12 schools in wealthier neighborhoods and private schools are better prepared to score higher on the SAT which then leads to more opportunities for these students to get into better colleges.